Which option is not a core technique for identifying applications in Palo Alto Networks NGFWs?

Identifying applications in Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFWs) relies on several core techniques, with each method contributing uniquely to application recognition and control. Packet headers are certainly a part of network traffic, as they contain routing information and basic details about the protocol used. However, they alone do not provide deep insights into the specific applications being used. Packet headers can provide some indication of the application (for example, certain ports might suggest specific protocols) but lack the detailed context required for effective application identification.

On the other hand, application signatures involve maintaining a database of known application identifiers and characteristics, which allows the NGFW to accurately recognize applications based on their unique patterns in traffic flows. Protocol decoding adds another layer by analyzing the application-layer protocols carried within the traffic, uncovering further details that may be obscured in packet headers.

Behavioral analysis is also instrumental, as it enables the firewall to recognize applications based on their usage patterns and behaviors over time, distinguishing them from traditional traffic patterns. By combining these advanced techniques, Palo Alto Networks NGFWs effectively identify applications in a more precise manner, surpassing the capabilities of relying solely on packet headers.